Garnier Fructis – Innovation

L’Oreal Garnier Fructis Oil+Shampoo Introduction: L’Oreal, the French cosmetic giant has become one of the leading players in the salon products sector in India. It marks its presence with a portfolio of 15 brands that grew over the span of nearly two decades in the Indian market, having an annual growth rate of 30 percent with a market share of 10 percent in the urban area. These different brands were launched in order to cover various product categories. The mass consumer brands L’Oreal Paris, Garnier and Maybelline New York; luxury brands Yves Saint Laurent, Kiehl’s, Ralph Lauren, Giorgio Armani, Diesel and Lancome; professional brands L’Oreal Professionnel, Matrix, Kerastase and Keraskin Esthetics and pharmacy brands Vichy and La Roche-Posay. † (premiumbeautynews. com, 2012). With almost 750,000 points of sale in both the traditional network as well as in the modern supermarket network, the brand Garnier has successfully become the leading multi-category beauty brand in India.Launched in 1991, this global brand understood the dynamics of the Indian market and was able to craft a special place for itself. Even though Garnier is positioned as a premium, nature-based and innovative brand, it is priced reasonably targeting at both, the upper and middle socio-economic classes. Worldwide, L’Oreal is famous for its product innovation and this trait is strongly portrayed in Garnier through its continuous new product launches. This also creates excitement amongst the consumers to try out the new innovative personal care products, leading to brand loyalty.Garnier has two sub-brands – Garnier Fructis and Garnier Ultra Doux. Garnier Fructis almost immediately created a very strong bond with the consumers since it was positioned as a fruit based brand. The Indian consumer is happier using natural based products compared to the chemical based ones. Under this brand, a revolutionary product was launched in the year 20 10; Garnier Fructis Oil+Shampoo that took the hair care market by storm. In this report, L’Oreal’s innovation and new product development models are explained in respect to their Garnier Fructis Oil+Shampoo product.Innovation Model: According to L’Oreal India’s chief operating officer, Mr. Dinesh Dayal, for this kind of success, the most essential factor is to yield the right kind of innovation, which was achieved through a blend of aggressive market research, intuition and the power of their global R&D. Along with the three main drivers of innovation for L’Oreal, i. e. active ingredients, formulation and evaluation; research has always been the main crux for the company’s growth. When it comes to creating cosmetic products, science is the main driver of innovation.An advanced research for discovering new active ingredients is conducted, where scientific knowledge about skin and hair around the world is gathered, after which formulation syst ems are developed and adapted by various brands including Garnier around the world. For the Fructis Oil+Shampoo launch in the Indian market, the product is formulated using three oils as its key active ingredients, i. e. Olive oil for deep nourishment of the roots, Avocado oil for nourishment of the hair fiber and making it supple and Shea oil for softening the surface.Once the formulation has been complete, the transition from the molecule to finished product is done after demonstrating the products’ safety and whether it is scientifically effective. But rather than focusing entirely on scientific research, L’Oreal believes in research that listens to consumers. They aim to nurture innovation through a constant dialog between science and marketing. Thus, in order to discover and disseminate beauty habits of international consumers, the â€Å"International Department of Studies and Consumer Insights† was created.Garnier realized that in India, in order to nouris h their hair, women extensively believed in the beauty ritual of oiling their hair, followed by a scalp massage and shampoo. The current fast-paced generation seemed to be moving away from this ritual as it is time-consuming. This became a source of inspiration for the 2-in-1 formula of hair oil and shampoo by Garnier. This is what India’s head of operations calls as â€Å"Indo-vation† – Innovation specifically for the Indian market. In order to understand the global consumers of L’Oreal, they strengthened their global presence in six regions; Europe, United States, Japan, China, Brazil and India.This enabled L’Oreal to come closer to their global market, as well as to gain the wealth of specific scientific and marketing knowledge of each region. In India, L’Oreal has its product development center in Mumbai from where it studies the specifics of hair and skin types of the Indian consumers, as well as their expectations and beauty routines f or all its brands including Garnier, and an advanced research center in Bangalore where it screens its active ingredients to address scalp concerns, hair breakage and pigmentation disorders.According to Jean Paul Agon (Chairman, L’Oreal Paris), opening a research and innovation center in Mumbai was in line with the company’s universalization strategy in order to adapt to the cultural specific needs for all its global brands. Further, L’Oreal abides by the principles of sustainable and responsible innovation on a daily basis. Product safety is an absolute priority for this cosmetic giant, and has contributed massively to the study of toxicology due to its constant scientific commitment. The team at the Ultramodern Global Center is responsible for the beneficial and undesirable effects of all the ingredients.Unlike Pantene, Head & Shoulders and Herbal Essence shampoos available in the Indian market, Garnier Fructis Oil+Shampoo does not use harmful chemicals such a s Methylchloroisothiazolinone, a preservative causing harmful effects on the skin as well as the immune system and Ammonium Chloride which is harmful when swallowed and causes serious eye irritation. Instead, this product uses plant extracts such as Pyrus Malus and Peel extracts. Also, L’Oreal makes sure that its products have minimum impact on the environment throughout their entire life cycle.For this purpose, all the raw materials are under constant monitoring for environmental indicators. L’Oreal stopped animal testing in 1989 and plans to terminate human biopsy for testing clinical effectiveness in the near future. New Product Development Model: L’Oreal operates in a very turbulent and volatile fashion industry, making the product life cycles very short. But according to Crawford (1988), an early entry of new product may result in the development of a new market and long term market dominance. Garnier Fructis Oil+Shampoo is one such product.Based on Ansoffà ¢â‚¬â„¢s (1965, 1968) directional policy matrix, L’Oreal implemented the product development strategy, catering to the Indian market with a new product, i. e. 2 in 1 oil and shampoo. New product development enables L’Oreal to earn increased value for the company through a superior market share. The company believes in creating innovative products which are not only differentiated but also satisfy different segments in the international market. Before launching a new product, the company has to ensure that the product is based on the consumer’s preferences and is ifferentiated from any other product in terms of its formula/innovation. Once such an idea is generated by market research, R&D takes over. Once completing the R&D process, the market reality is observed and different ways of marketing the product are employed. A company’s image would be shattered if there if any negligence in this context, resulting to product failures upon launch. Therefore the complex process of new product development has a direct impact on L’Oreal’s prestige. L’Oreal invests heavily while launching any new product and be certain about its effectiveness, practicality and marketability of these products.Thus, before commercialization of Garnier Fructis Oil+Shampoo in the Indian market, an intensive market research was done in order to identify the beauty ritual of oiling the hair prior to shampooing and how through R&D, this finding was converted into an effective molecular formula, later supported by a screening test and eventually passing through the market testing stage. Conclusion: According to Wang and Von Tunzelmann (1997), rather than R&D, marketing perceives a more critical role in the positioning of a new product in any market segment.In context of the Garnier Fructis Oil+Shampoo launch, it is a product that was never thought of earlier by the Indian consumers, thus making it difficult to believe in. Fundamentally, shampoo is used against oil and these are two products are not supposed to work together. Since the time factor prevents the consumers from using both oil and shampoo at the same time, Garnier has tried integrating the north-pole and the south-pole. They are trying to combine two attributes having a negative relationship and trying to convince the consumers that there is a scope of redefining this relationship and making them work positively together.Once this strategy can get established, it may work as a powerful differentiator. Garnier now needs to focus on developing a story that is credible enough for the consumers to believe in. Regardless of whether the innovations by Garnier would fail or succeed in the market, they have managed to gain equity through its innovative products, heavy investment in brand promotion, strong distribution reach and premium positioning along with a smart pricing strategy, creating a special place in the Indian personal care industry. References 1. Afaqs. com (2010) afaqs! gt; News > Company Briefs > Garnier launches Garnier Fructis Shampoo + Oil 2 in 1. [online] Available at: http://www. afaqs. com/news/company_briefs/index. html? id=43881_GarnierlaunchesGarnierFructisShampooOil2in1 [Accessed: 19 Apr 2013]. 2. B, H. (2010) Marketing Practice: Garnier : Take Care. [online] Available at: http://marketingpractice. blogspot. in/2010/01/garnier-take-care. html [Accessed: 19 Apr 2013]. 3. Bureau, O. (2013) L’Oreal looking at innovation to ramp up operations. [online] Available at: http://www. thehindubusinessline. om/companies/loreal-looking-at-innovation-to-ramp-up-operations/article4295052. ece [Accessed: 19 Apr 2013]. 4. Cosmeticsandtoiletries. com (2013) L’Oreal Unveils New Indian Research and Innovation Center | CosmeticsAndToiletries. com. [online] Available at: http://www. cosmeticsandtoiletries. com/networking/news/company/LrsquoOreacuteal-Unveils-new-Indian-Research-and-Innovation-Center-186324642. html [Accessed: 19 Ap r 2013]. 5. Coursework4you. co. uk (1990) L'Oreal's new product development strategy and the way they have successfully managed to achieve considerable market shares through consistent R&D efforts. PAPERS4YOU. COM | UNIVERSITY ESSAY COURSEWORK DISSERTATION ASSIGNMENT ACADEMIC ANALYSIS. [online] Available at: http://www. coursework4you. co. uk/essays-and-dissertations/sample85. php [Accessed: 19 Apr 2013]. 6. drugstore. com (n. d. ) Garnier Fructis Haircare Triple Nutrition Fortifying Shampoo, For Dry to Over-Dried or Damaged Hair. [online] Available at: http://www. drugstore. com/garnier-fructis-haircare-triple-nutrition-fortifying-shampoo-for-dry-to-over-dried-or-damaged-hair/qxp226120 [Accessed: 19 Apr 2013]. 7. Ewg. rg (n. d. ) Garnier || Skin Deep ® Cosmetics Database | Environmental Working Group. [online] Available at: http://www. ewg. org/skindeep/brand/Garnier/ [Accessed: 19 Apr 2013]. 8. Freepatentsonline. com (2008) Corporate culture and values: genesis and sources ofL'O real's entrepreneurial orientation.. [online] Available at: http://www. freepatentsonline. com/article/Journal-Small-Business-Entrepreneurship/204931980. html [Accessed: 19 Apr 2013]. 9. INSEAD Knowledge (2010) Indo-vation: tapping the Indian market. [online] Available at:

Affectability of positive and negative written personal accounts

Expressive writing paradigm, positive and negative affect, positive meaning finding finding and positive affect. An individual's conduct of thoughts and feelings disclosure relating to aspects of their life is often utilized through expressive writing as a therapeutic strategy. This act is more formally recognized as the expressive writing paradigm (Nicholls, 2009), describing the health benefits of expressive writing production. Rebuttals against this theory include its lack of a clear definition in regard to the reasons it proves an effective therapy (Sloan & Marx, 2004), though its effectiveness remains undisputed.Expressive writing in studies can include a variety of deferent topic suggestion in analysis of any emotion from traumatic events to Immense positive experiences. Emotional expression has been shown to effect general satisfaction positively or negatively dependent on the correlated emotion to the subject of concern. Further enhancing this suggestion Is the notion of stre ngthened self-efficacy through emotional expression (Kirk. Schuster, & Hint, 201 1 Already, Implications of Its use In positive regard becomes more applicable In applying positivist more generally as a result of written divergence.Writing has proven a powerful tool across studies In both mental and physical responses. An experiment conducted on Swedish athletes found a positive correlation between the writing of positive self-talk and reaction times (?seedeater, Spender, & S ¶Darlene, 2012). Another more extreme case of expressive writing incorporation was used in a 2012) This study focused on the positive outcomes of the experience and was found to exhibit positive effects on common survivor constraints as fatigue, intrusive thoughts, post-traumatic stress and so on.Yet another study of interest involves the SE of expressive writing, though not with an observer's direction of positive or negative affect. This study simply engaged participants to write down their traumatic experie nce. Outcomes of which included decreased physician visits and use of aspirin over time (Baneberry & Bell, Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding, 1986). These studies lie among a multitude of others (Kelly, 2012) – all of which indicate a significant positive impact of expressive writing on general satisfaction (Baneberry & Chunk, 2007).One argument against this expressive rating paradigm is that the use of written emotions is not necessarily the promoter of positive affect. Instead, the act of expressing emotions in any form will release tension of the event (Baneberry, 1997). Expressive writing may be said to provide means for structure and organization of an individual's emotions in a way they may never have thought about, or never have wanted to think about (Baneberry, 1997). This written account allows for little emotional repression if the participant involves themselves entirely in the process.This leaves open the argument that different harpies may pr oduce different results and with a society of subjectivity, this argument remain undisputed. Nonetheless, expressive writing cannot be undermined as a sound means for effective therapy. Interestingly, a study set forth to decipher whether written trauma showed increased positive affect than vocalism the trauma in a public setting (Fez, Valances, & Gonzalez, 1999). The study found that a written account of the trauma proved more negatively provoking than revealing in a public setting.Although further research needs to take place on this issue, it is hypothesized that written trauma is too intense, flooding emotions that the participant found more anxiety provoking than in a setting amongst other trauma victims. Linked to the term, as mentioned, are a number of different theories. As is with the case with many psychological theories, a singular theory is not applicable. To some, this may prove reason to avoid its use (Kelly, 2012). It may also be argued, however, that subjectivity amo ng individuals necessitates more than a singular theory.Of these theories is the concept that the act of interacting with an emotional vent in a more analytical sense may provide an outlet (Baneberry, 1997). It is thought that this outlet may reduce a traumatic influence of the event or enhance and remind of a pleasant memory. Furthermore, interacting with the event forces the individual to structure and organism an event in a way that they may have not previously thought about, or have wanted to think about. It is thought that this may bring clarity of the situation, release and perhaps even closure through self-efficacy.These theories are described as the immediate cognitive changes through the act of expressive writing. The more long term theories include the release of memories that may have had impact on the working mind. This theory suggests that as expressive writing is further indulged, immediate arousal of the memory diminishes (Baneberry, 1997). This becomes especially ess ential with traumatic events which tend to lose emotional arousal over a number of expressive writing sessions. With this act of release, a biological theory arises in that anxiety and other illnesses as a expression writing is that of a more social front.A study on holocaust victims valued that 70% of survivors had not shared information socially (Baneberry, 1997). After writing and talking about these experiences with researchers. Many were able to then share them with others, providing further therapy in a social context (Baneberry, 1997). Many studies are devoted to uncovering expression writing and the theory behind it. So too have studies encapsulated the long-term effects on well-being of its use as a therapy. Fewer studies examine expression writing in its immediate effects on an individual.This study focuses on the immediate effects of emotional writing on an individual's affect. With previous studies in mind, it is hypothesized that a positive affect will be correlated wit h exposure to positive experience writing; whereas a negative affect will be correlated with exposure to negative experience writing. Method Participants Participants were 173 (129 females) undergraduate students from an Australian tertiary education institution. The mean age of the participants was 30. 19 years (SD ? 9. 17); male mean age was 28. 14 (SD = 7. 2), and female mean age was 30. 89 (SD = 9. 60). Materials. The Ego-Resiliency Scale (ERR-89; Block & Kramer, 1996). This 14 item measure of trait saliency uses a 4-point Liker scale, ranging from does not apply at all (1) to applies very strongly (4). The scale is reportedly highly reliable (a = . 76) with example items including: ‘l am more curious than most people' and ‘l quickly get over and recover from being startled'. Resiliency was calculated by summing scores from all 14 items with higher scores indicating greater resiliency.The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DADS-21; Loving & Loving, 1995). This 21 ite m measure of depression, anxiety and stress records responses on a 4-point Liker scale from never (1) to almost always (3). The DADS-21 is reportedly highly reliable (a = . 96). Example items include â€Å"l find it hard to unwind† and â€Å"l felt that I wasn't worth much as a person†. The General Health Questionnaire (GHZ-12; Goldberg & Williams, 1988). This 12-item measure of general mental and physical health utilizes a 4-point Liker scale from not at all (O) to quite a bit (3).The reported reliability of the GHZ-12 ranges from . 82 to . 86. Example items include whether participant have â€Å"lost much sleep over worry' and â€Å"been unhappy and depressed†. Positive and Negative Affectively Scale (PANS; Watson, Clark, & Telling, 1998). This 20-item scale was used to assess positive and negative ambient mood. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they felt the emotions ‘right now' on a 5-point Liker scale, ranging from very slightly or not at all (1) to extremely (5). Both the positive mood scale (a = 0. 90) and the negative mood scale (a = 0. 4) are considered highly reliable. Example positive mood descriptors included interested, excited, strong, proud and inspired. Example negative mood descriptors included distressed, upset, guilty, irritable and nervous. Positive affect is calculated by summing scores from all 10 positive items, with higher scores indicating greater positive affect. Positive meaning finding. A series of questions adapted from those reported by Tugged and Frederickson (2004) were administered in order to assess the degree to which participants found meaning in their described event.To prompt meaning finding, participants completed two open ended the significance of the event? Specific meaning finding questions included: ‘To what extent do you feel you might benefit from this situation in the long term? ; ‘How likely s it that there is something to learn from this experience? ; and ‘How easy is it to find meaning in the described event? Ratings for these questions were made on a seven- point scale, ranging from not at all (1) to extremely (7). Meaning finding was calculated by summing scores for these three questions. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count 2007 (LAIC; Francis & Baneberry, 1996).All written positive disclosure essays were converted into individual word documents and analyzed through the LAIC program. The LAIC program was used to yield descriptive data on the number of costive and negative emotion words, and insight words used in the written disclosure pieces. In addition it was used to generate percentages of insight words used in the extended response positive meaning finding questions. The LAIC program has been found to correlate with Judges' ratings in the range of . 37 to . 81 (Francis & Baneberry, 1996). Procedure Data were collected from participants in either face-to-face or online first-year classes.Upon commencing the class, participa nts were introduced to the session as one on emotions. Qualities was the software program used to host the online survey. Participants were asked to pay close attention to instructions provided during the testing session. The session commenced with the ERR-89, DADS-21, GHZ, all of which served as distraction questionnaires, and the PANS. Following completion of these, the experimenter informed participants that they would complete a 15 minute writing task and that it was important that they tried to type for the entire 15 minutes.Participants were randomly assigned to the positive, neutral, or negative written disclosure condition. Participants in the positive written disclosure condition achieved the following instructions: Write about the most intensely positive experience of your life. Write about the experience in as much detail as you can. Really get into it and freely express any and all emotions or thoughts that you have about the experience. As you write, do not worry about punctuation or grammar; Just really let go and write as much as you can about the experience.Participants in the negative written disclosure condition were instructed to do the following: For the next 1 5 minutes write about the most important personal problem you are currently acing in your life. Write about the experience in as much detail as you can. Really get into it and freely express any and all emotions or thoughts that you have about the experience. As you write, do not worry about punctuation or grammar; Just really let go and write as much as you can about the experience. Continue writing until you are instructed to stop by the researcher.Finally, those in the control condition were asked to write about the activities of their day thus far in the most structured and detailed format possible (for an example see Tugged & Frederickson, 2004). The experimenter stopped participants at the end of the 1 5 minutes and directed them to continue with the rest of the experiment. The remainder of the test consisted of a post-test PANS, positive meaning finding and demographic questions. Once completed, participants were debriefed and provided with experimenter contact details should they require further information regarding the experiment.Results Prior to running the statistical analyses all data were screened for normality and positive written disclosure statements revealed participants chose to write about a wide variety of positive experiences. The five most common positive experiences included parenthood, establishing a significant relationship with a life partner, traveling overseas, career, and academic achievements. The five most common negative experiences included future career prospects, current employment, financial concerns, mental health, and relationship issues.Hypothesis 1 stated that writing about an intense positive experience will result in a greater increase in positive affect. To examine whether positive affect increased, change in positive affect scores were calculated by subtracting the pre-test from the cost-test positive PANS score. A one-way NOVA with three levels of the independent variable (positive, neutral, or negative written disclosure task) was performed to test the impact of the written tasks on change in positive affect. Results revealed that there was a significant difference between the neutral (M = -1. 12, SD = 5. 6), negative (M = -3. 81 , SD = 9. 54), and positive written disclosure conditions (M 3. 14, SD = 7. 34) for change in positive affect scores, F(2, 173) = 12. 14, pHypothesis 2 proposed that writing about an intense positive experience will result in greater meaning finding. A one-way NOVA was calculated to compare meaning finding scores between the three conditions following the written task. Results valued that there was a significant difference between the neutral (M = 14. 60, SD = 4. 20), negative (M = 15. 46, SD = 4. 35), and positive written disclosure conditions (M 19. 24, SD = 2. 65) for meaning finding scores, F(l, 189) = 24. 60, pPost hoc analyses using Bonfire adjustments revealed that the differences between the positive and negative, and the positive and neutral conditions were significant to the . 001 level. Participants who wrote about an intense positive life experience elicited greater positive meaning from the experience, compared to those who wrote about a active experience, or the days events. Discussion This data indicates that writing about positive and negative experiences increases and decreases affect accordingly, in conjunction with neutral conditions.The data also represents a greater meaning finder in participants engaged with positive written expression as opposed to negative and neutral conditions, with negative written expression producing the lower meaning finder of the two. With the hypothesis of the expressive writing paradigm in mind, it may be said that obtained results support this suggestion. In previous mention of the term, the ex pressive rating paradigm has been supported in many studies over long periods of time and through rather more intense conditions; such as the example of breast cancer survivors (Lu, Ghent, Young, Gawk-Singer, & LOL, 2012).Furthermore, previous studies focus greatly on the expression of traumatic instances (Baneberry, 1997) quite the opposite in that negative expressive writing produces a negative affect and lower meaning finder among participants. These results, however, are compared to that of writing positive experiences and so it may be said that a decreased score would be expected. Alternatively, being a cross-sectional design, perhaps more interesting results would be compiled from a series of written expression of the same account in the case of a negative experience.From previous studies, it is implied that regular written expression of a negative experience may produce positive results, contrary to those shown in this study. One of the implications of this study may be relat ed to indulging regularly in written accounts of positive experience to improve positive affect and meaning finding. Future studies, however, would benefit from the analysis of regular positive written expression. As is shown in previous studies with that of traumatic events, increased confrontation through written expression is shown to reduce negative affect.It may be possible that the opposite effect adhere to regular confrontation of positive experience. Perhaps this positive experience would decrease in positivist, or even have a reverse effect over time. The limitations of this study include, primarily, the tested participants. Undergraduate psychology students may not accurately represent the population. Many other studies of the same caliber have an inclination to testing of traumatic situations among a particular sub-group. Interesting would be the results obtained from a randomly selected participant group, and measuring them both for instant results and results over a num ber of tests.A further limitation may be described in the means in which data was collected. Lending to an intrusive subject matter, a face-to-face collection in class may not yield the greatest results. Anonymity to observer aside, students sitting within close proximity to another student may feel threatened by invasion of privacy and not reveal inner most feelings, effecting results. Furthermore, participation in the study was of a compulsory status. This may have affected the amount of effort students put into discussion as opposed perhaps to an individual actively seeking treatment or even involvement in a study.To prevent possible confounds in the future, ideally, participants would be of a random selection of willing volunteers. If unattainable however, it may prove advantages to separate students among the class too radius in which their test cannot be overlooked. Despite these limitations, this study shows promising results by suggestion that positive expression writing inc reases positive affect and greater meaning finding. These results may prove useful in a variety of situations and therapies; though further testing should be undergone to discover the extent of its effect.

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM (For Second Writer) Essay

Economics of Organisations TAKE HOME EXAM (For Second Writer) - Essay Example When there is a team effort like this, you have information problems: it is hard to tell who is shirking. "The essence of the classical firm is identified here as a contractual structure with: 1) joint input production [team efforts]; 2) several input owners [e.g. each laborer owns himself]; 3) one party who is common to all the contracts of the joint inputs [the employer/owner]; 4) who has rights to renegotiate any input's contract independently of contracts with other input owners [e.g. can hire, fire, etc. to reward inputs that contribute more]; 5) who holds the residual claim [i.e. gets the "residual" income; see below]; and 6) who has the right to sell his central contractual residual status [i.e. can sell the company]." In earlier literature regarding the theory of the firm, many argued with Alchian and Demsetz. According to Organizations and Markets.com (2009 p. 1), "The striking insight of Alchian and Dernsetz (1972) and Jensen and Meckling (1976) is in viewing the firm as a set of contracts among factors of production. In effect, the firm is viewed as a team whose members act from self-interest but realize that their destinies depend to some extent on the survival of the team in its competition with other teams." Fama criticizes Alchian and Demsetz, however, for failing to eliminate the entrepreneur from the picture; their theory still includes an employer who, like an entrepreneur, polices shirking because he collects the benefits of doing so." Alchian and Demsetz had their own unique view of the firm. It is presented in the following diagram: Figure 2: Organizational Chart Source: Emerald Insight (2009 p. 1) Their arguments have their good points and their bad points. I do believe authority plays a large role in the success of organization and that too much authority and/or too little authority can certainly bring a firm down, but I also believe that information is way more than valuable to the rise of a firm, and therefore the cost of it is duly justified. I am just not sure at this point which is more important. Perhaps they are of equal importance. One could argue that every little function within an organization could make or break that organization. These are just two points of view that we are presented with. Perhaps a broader spectrum of ideas would help to justify one side or the other of the argument. The ideas would come from multiple departments within the organization instead of a few elite professionals. The broader the spectrum is from which to choose, the better conclusion one can make. References Alchian, AA. Principles of Professional Advancement 1996. Economic Inquiry, Vol. 34. Alchian, AA, JM Buchanan; H Demsetz, A Leijonhufyud, et.al. 1996. Economic Inquiry. Vol. 34. Alchian and Demsetz: Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization 2009. Wikisum. Available at

Comperhension Exam Question ED.d Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Manage the Product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Advanced pharmacology case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced pharmacology case study - Assignment Example It is recommended that a patient suffering from this kind of diseases should be disciplined as far as observing any medical dose or attention is concerned. Especially if a patient is suffering from diseases which take long to heal or sometimes do not heal at all like diabetes 2, the patient is supposed to observe the medical directions as prescribed by the doctor. Diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart failure diabetes 2 and ulcers should be keenly be attended with the right prescription from the doctor or medical expert. Patients should been keen to follow the medical instruction from the physician concerned and if in any case they doubt their reaction with medicine, then they should consult the physician concerned (Blobel, 2009). This paper is going to discus the background and history of hypertension, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and paroxysmal a trial fibrillation patient who is suffering from all this diseases and tries seek a possible direction about how the medication should be followed by the people suffering from this kind of diseases. Atrial fibrillation is caused by rapid or irregular heartbeat and sometimes it can be paroxysmal or something which cannot end in nature thus permanent. It is usually caused by the failure of the heart tissues or nodes. The automatic heart nervous system dysfunction or sometimes it can be a combination of both. This condition involves chaotic movement of arterial impulses and thus loss of synchrony between the atria and verticals. This kind of irregular heart beat is usually caused by heart abnormality that causes the heart to fail from taking regular heart beats as it should be doing. The electrical impulses across the atria occur abnormally thus causing the failure. This kind of disease at some turn to be resistant an persist then go to a permanent

Treatment for gout arthritis and development of research study design Proposal

Treatment for gout arthritis and development of study design - Research Proposal Example Currently, there is no long term well-coordinated research works that can show how people with knowledge about purine containing foods and keep specific purine diets low and get acupuncture is more successful in reducing contraction of gouty arthritis break outs as compared to colchicine and NSAIDs for male of ages 18-40 tested over a period of 24 moths. A number of doctors have come out to point out the effectiveness of low purine diet in treatment of gout out breaks. In their handout about purine diet, doctors from Pittsburgh Medical Center describe that low purine diets can reduce contraction of gouts. It is explained that purine containing foods are broken down to form uric acid that is responsible for arthritis. They recommend that low consumption of purine foods lowers the amount of uric acid produced by the body hence this can reduce gout arthritis infections (Pittsburgh Medical Center, 2008). Since medications are not so effective, reducing the gout arthritis cases. It is recommended that prevention is more effective than cure. In their essay Preventing Gout Attacks, Palo Alto Medical Foundation doctors write that consumption of low fat foods and those with low levels of purine is more likely to reduce accumulation of uric acid. This in turn reduces chances of gout attacks (Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 2011). This research seeks to give proof that long term maintenance of low diet on purine foods and acupuncture treatment over a period of 24 moths is more effective than the mainstream cures, for instance, patients being administered with NSAIDs and colchicine to reduce break outs of gout arthritis in males aged between 18-40 years. Most of the works done regarding low diet in purine foods is just experimental and more theory. This research seeks to implement the treatment of gout arthritis through diet regulation on purine

Religions in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religions in India - Essay Example The extent of this religious diversity that is seen in India is a consequence of both the presence of a plethora of native religions and the assimilation and social integration of religions brought to the land by travelers, immigrants, traders and even invaders/ conquerors such as the Mughals over time (Kalman, 2010). The most dominant religion in India today is Hinduism. As per a 2001 survey, 82% of the Indian population was practicing Hinduism, 12% Islam, 2.5% Christianity, 2% Sikhism, 0.7% Buddhism, 0.5% Jainism, 0.01% Zoroastrianism and another 0.0005% engaged in Judaism. Though affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity, in addition, there exist many other tribal traditions. The three ancient religions; Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism are traditionally considered the shapers of Indian philosophy (Kalman, 2010). Hinduism is a religion with a pantheon of gods and goddesses such as Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Sarasvati, Lakshmi, Parvati, Ganesh, Hanuman, Surya, Ganga Ma, Samandra, Indra and so on. However, those who practice Hinduism do not always worship all these gods. They pick the ones to worship. Hinduism believes in reincarnation where a person’s fate is determined according to his deeds (karma). Good souls are liberated from reincarnation and attain redemption while bad souls are punished for their sins and born again and again in a frustrating cycle. Islam, another religion in India, has a strong influence in the Indian society mainly due to the presence of many Muslim rulers in different parts of India. These Muslims are divided into two rival sects, the Sunni and the Shia. The Muslim population in India is the third largest globally as is the case with the Shia population. The shrines of some of the most popular Sufism saints like Moinuddin Chishti and Nizamuddin Auliya are in Ind ia and they attract visitors. Some of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture such as the Taj Mahal and the Qutb Minar

Industrial Placement Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Industrial Placement Report - Case Study Example It comprises of work orders, scheduling, service requirements, data collection, parts and inventory management, and forecasting of parts and inventory needs. When a piece of manufacturing equipment needs regular servicing, that task automatically appears on a list of work to be done, and a plant technician will perform the work, making a note in the system that it was done, by whom, and when. Engineering department is also recording all variations in production and quality and organizes the remedial actions. I work in the packaging department ( the Department.) In this report 1) I shall give my view, both, on the Department side and on the production (i.e. manufacturing) side of the Company. I will discuss three important elements of a successful operation of any pharmaceutical firm: Quality Assurance (QA), Safety procedures (SP) and, above all, Information Technology. As Information Technology (IT) and automation is involved in virtually every production and quality assurance (QA) process, I shall mention the IT role in individual processes as I will keep describing them further on in this report. The Company produces only tablets and capsules. A high degree of automation exists in the production side of the Company. ... These finished chemicals are combined and processed further in mixing machines. The mixed ingredients may then be mechanically capsulated, pressed into tablets. Our part of the ( packaging) Department works only with tablets, but the Company produces capsules as well. The workers in the Company fall into one of two occupational groups: Production workers who operate drug-producing equipment, inspect products, and install, maintain, and repair production equipment; and transportation and material moving workers who package and transport the drugs. This is the role of our Department. Generally, I can characterize the technology in our Department as being medium-automated. Since the Company has three tablet-producing, fully automated, lines, we are packaging three different types of tablets.For that, our part of the Department has three packaging lines, each consisting of one blister packing machine, one cartoner and an overwrapper. These three units are all connected into a series. The inputs into this three-machine series are: tablets, cartons and leaflets and at the end, as output, comes packaged product, already in cartons with proper labels attached. Then we further pack the cartons into outerboxes. 3. Good Manufacturing and Production Practices There are several major items that we see important in our work space: Generally, working conditions in pharmaceutical plants are better than those in most other manufacturing plants. In the Company, there is a stress on keeping equipment and work areas clean because of the danger of contamination. We work in air-conditioned, well lighted, and quiet place. Health and safety regulations ( to be discussed later in

European Convention on Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

European Convention on Human Rights - Essay Example The convention enumerated the Human Rights under Section I as article 2. Right to life; Article 3 Prohibition of torture ; Prohibition of slavery and forced labor; Article 5 Right to liberty and security; Article 6 Right to a fair trial; Article 7 No punishment without law; Article 8 Right to respect for private and family life; Article 9 Freedom of thought, conscience and religion; Article 10 Freedom of expression; Article 11 Freedom of assembly and association; Article 12 Right to marry; Article 14 Prohibition of discrimination; Article 15 Derogation in time of emergency; Article 16 Restrictions on political activity of aliens; Article 17 Prohibition of abuse of rights; Article 18 Limitation on use of restrictions on rights Section III and article 19 of the convention provides for establishment European Commission of Human Rights also known as Commission and European Court of Human Rights, which are the watch dogs protecting these rights. Committee of Ministers executes orders of the court. The court not only adjudicates the issues but also renders advisory opinions. Any dispute with regard to the violation these rights are first to be dealt by the local judicial/quasi judicial agencies. After the exhausting those remedies they are referred to the Commission through Secretary-General of the Council of Europe. The commission when receives any complaint/petition investigate the matter and endeavor for amicable settlement. If the commission not able to dispose of the case it will refer to Committee of Ministers who will peruse the case and refer to the European Court of Human Rights if it is fit case to be decided by the court. The convention empowers the court to make the rules and regulations for its day-to-day functioning. The court functions as per the rules and regulation so framed. After adjudication the case will be sends to Committee of Ministers for execution of its adjudicated orders. The judgment of the court is final. The courts entertain petitions/complaints only from the commission or High Contracting Parties. The jurisdiction is exte nded to all cases with regard to interpretation and application of the convention, excluding the question relating to scope or contents of freedoms and rights defined in Section I. Such cases are to be referred by either the commission or High Contracting Parties, the court do not have suo moto jurisdiction. Due to subtle and creative interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights the European Convention of Human Rights is steadily evolving since its inception. And the court is continuously succeeding in preserving the value of the Convention (ECHR) as living instrument. The success of the Convention is judged on the basis of 1. Quality of judgment of the court. 2.the time taken to dispose off the cases and 3.effective execution of the judgments. Every year the number of cases are increasing at galloping rate. In spite of such increase the Court efficiently disposed off the cases at a quicker rate. Out of those judgments there are many important judgments, which brought drastic changes in the judiciary of the many European countries. The court has become a guiding light in protecting the Human Rights. The Court become instrumental in getting the law of the European countries on mainstream of the Convention law in protecting and maintaining the human rights. There are many citable

Sinises film version Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

Sinises film version Of Mice and Men Essay Analyse both the beginning and ending of Steinbecks novel with the opening and closing sequences of Sinises film version Of Mice and Men They are many of difficulties that a director faces when adapting a classic novel to the big screen. One of the biggest difficulties Sinise would have faced in adapting Of Mice and Men in to a film would have been living up to the standard and expectation of the book. Imagination is a lot different to reality but imagination is extremely hard to capture on the Big Screen because there is possibility that what someone imagines is completely different to the film and therefore be disappointed in the film. There is also a lot of description in the book that paints a picture for the reader and he will have to try and involve some of this in the film. They story of Of Mice and Men is set during the depression that followed the Wall Street Crash of 1929. It involves the effects of poverty and the difficulty of getting a job. It follows two men, George and Lennie and their struggle to find employment. The novel show a great bond between them and how the two try and overcome Lennies disability. In the beginning of the novel Steinbeck creates a calming mood wereas in the film it starts with action. He also used a lot of effective description that helps the reader get a clear understanding of the setting he uses On one side of the river the golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan mountains, but on the valley side the water is lined with trees- willows fresh and green with every spring, carrying in their lower leaf juncture the debris of the winters flooding When describing the two men he gives the reader the impression that one seems to be more powerful than the other even in the open one stayed behind the other. He also describes the first man as having restless eyes this tells you he is always looking out for his friend. His friend was the complete opposite , a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders; and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. The way he has described the way he walks shows his strength. The beginning in book and film is most important because the author or film maker needs to attract the attention of the audience, interest them in what is going on and make them want to read or watch more. The way Steinbeck and Sinise have done this is both effective and creative but both different. They both start in different settings. The book describes every thing about the setting and its surroundings and doesnt introduce any characters till about the fourth page. It also starts as if everything is happening there and then and doesnt mention anything about a flash back, whereas in the film it starts as a flash back.. In the film George is shown on a train in a fast mid-shot sitting in the corner lonely and isolated in a crouched position, it shows him in thought. It then goes on a CU of George that shows we are going into his thoughts. It cuts to an MS of a woman running in a red dress (representing danger) which is ripped. It zooms in slowly and ends on a CU of woman and shows her emotions and tells the audience she is afraid and terrified. This is not mentioned at all in the beginning of the book. It soon cuts to a LS of two males running. There are rapid changing of shots showing action in the film. MS on males, cuts to a CU of viscous dogs barking and then LS on horses that gives the impression of hunting and also shows time in setting. The audience is involved when the camera is placed in the water that the males (George and Lennie) run through. The music in the film is slow at the start which creates a mood of sadness to the film and relates to the persons emotions, it tells you that George is upset. The music starts slow then gradually gets faster and tells you something is happening (chasing) it is also serious. Not a lot of dialogue is used at the beginning. You hear a woman screaming sounding frightened. You also hear a man shouting Come on! Lennie This tells us that they need to get away from what is happening and also gives one name of a character. There is a lot of SFX are used effectively during the beginning, dogs barking, a train, the music ends abruptly and you can hear the woman out of breath. You can also hear men running and splashes of water. The book lacks action and starts more calmly than the film. The book doesnt tell you why the men are running away and doesnt mention the woman, train or dogs at all during the beginning. The introduction to the two characters (George and Lennie) is very different. In the book it starts with a great deal of description. The film shows you they are in some kind of danger whereas in the book it introduces them calm and with a lot of description about setting and location. The death of Lennie shows alot more emotion in the novel, compared to that of the video. this is because it is slow, and it moves the reader, and makes the reader become emotionally involved. Steinbeck has used some short sentences to create a more dramatic effect of for example: George was silent. This shows Georges emotion. Not long after And he fell silent again. This again shows his emotion and that he just cant cope. Lennie at this point is confused, he has realised that he has done another bad thing but doesnt understands why George isnt angry at him. Lennie tries hard to understand and came to his own conclusion that George would live a better life without him and was willing to leave and let George carry on with his life. George lets him know that he doesnt want him to leave him, even though deep down he agrees that without Lennie he would live an easier life, not having someone to watch all the time. They then start talking about the dream they both had where they would own a place of their own and every thing was perfect. George shakily said Take off your hat Lennie The way he said it shows that he is not showin confidence. George told Lennie to look away, this gave him time to get ready and he used Carlsons Luger too. Which is the same way the dog died, this tells the reader that a death might occur. He looked at the back of Lennies head, at the place where the spine ant the skull were joined. He is thinking very hard here at which would be the least painful for Lennie, who is still no wiser that soon he will die, by his best friend. He is very child like and the book shows this by him giggling while thinking of the dream. He also has an obsession on rabbits (like the way a child would) and shows a lot of excitement towards the dream because he would finally get to tend the rabbits. George wanted Lennie to die happy and finally built up the courage to do it at his happiest. At first his hand shook violently this again shows his emotion. Steinbeck now used another short sentence for effect He pulled the trigger. This is used to shock the reader and also show emotion towards Lennie. The novel ends coldly with a cold-hearted remark from Carlson, Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin them two guys? In the film the death of Lennie is a lot quicker and shocking. When talking about the dream George shoots him first time Lennie says and I get to tend the rabbits Lennies child like features are shown again when he is dead because once he is shot he lies curled up like a baby with George standing over him. It shows Georges emotion towards Lennie and the close bond the had. In the film it doesnt show the audience his struggle to build up the courage to shoot him. It then cuts back to a CU George on the train again, like in the beginning. This time we again go in to his thoughts as he remembers the good times with Lennie. It then shows George and Lennie side by side, Laughing and smiling. Lennie puts his arm around George like a child wanting affection from his mother. This caption is in slow motion to show the audience how close they were and it also gets the audience emotionally involved again and makes them feel sorry. The music used in this part of the film is sad and slow, again for emotion. In my conclusion I have found that there can be a lot of differences between the book and the film. In my opinion I didnt prefer either one because I liked both of them but for different reasons. I liked the book because I liked the idea that Steinbeck emotionally involved the reader with the death of Lennie. It was in my opinion more emotional than the film even though it is upsetting because the music sad and the flash back at the end makes you feel sorry for Lennie and also George.

The Media Effect: Male Body Image

The Media Effect: Male Body Image Many men and women are in the midst of a fight for that perfect body depicted by the media. In the UK the average man is 5ft 9ins tall and weighs 13.2st while the average woman is 5ft 3Â ½ins tall and weighs 11st (Whitlock, 2009). Researchers investigated the perception of ideal body weight in both men and women and found 38.3% of normal weight women thought they were overweight, while for men 32.8% who were overweight thought they were about the right weight or underweight. (Christakis, 2003) Men tend to see themselves as being thinner than they actually are and have a desire to become bigger (Mintz, 1986). A study of around 1000 men found that over 50% were unhappy with their bodies. They were asked to draw their ideal body and researchers found that the body ideal was so muscular it could only be achieved by using steroids. (Croft, 2009). Some Psychologists speculated that media influences shaped peoples idea of body size by presenting thinner women and bulkier men than average. (McCreary Sadava, Vol 2(2), Jul 2001). Studies by The Eating Disorders Association shows that around 1.15 million men and women in the UK suffer from an eating disorder with 61% of women feeling fat compared to the medias image of beautiful women. (National eating disorders Association). Another worrying thought is that most fashion models are thinner than 98% of American women (Smolak, 1996).As women are constantly surrounded by such models in TV adverts, magazines, news articles amongst other things; its not surprising that they find this level of thinness the ideal. Wiseman et al conducted a study on Cultural expectations of thinness in women. They found that the body measurements of playboy models for 1979 1988 were up to 19% below the average body weight for their age group. These findings were compared to an early study between 1959 and 1978 and found that body measurements had decreased while there was a significant increase in diet and exercise articles during this period suggesting that there is a link between to the two. (Wiseman, 2006) In studies on media and body image, most of the research is directed towards women. This means that men are often forgotten. As men are increasingly characterised by their body, I aim to highlight the effect of media on them. (Henwood, 2002), says that the media presents ideals for men as well as women. patterns of consumption, life style choices and media representation of men now often focus on mens appearance and the male bodymedia advertising routinely depicts in positive ways youthful toned muscular male bodies. Psychology Today readers completed questionnaires on body image in 1993 and found The muscle-bound body build was highly rated by men, while women preferred a medium, lightly muscled build in their ideal males. (Neimark, 2009) It seems that men are influenced by the media and not by real women. The use of men in media may have a substantial effect on the way males view themselves. A muscular toned body is being used in much the same way as the thinness ideal for women. Mens Health magazine is spilt into 6 subsections compromising of Fitness, Health, Weight loss, women, nutrition and grooming. This shows that males are being made to think that their weight is not ideal and to bulk up to look like the men portrayed in the magazines. On the mens health website, there are links to a new way to sculpt your abs and build the body you want on a back ground of a super toned males torso. (Moore, 2010) Attitude is the best selling gay magazine in Britain and is also distributed worldwide. (Gilmour, 2008) In the latest issue of the magazine, Gareth Thomas, a gay rugby player, is the front cover. He has huge leg muscles, a big chest, and muscular arms, making it seem that this is what men like, and so the readers will strive to become like this. (Attitude Homepage, 2010) It has been proposed that males have become more muscular and toned in an attempt to be more masculine. Soft and rounded is traditionally seen as the female ideal, while males are the opposite. So by working abdominal muscles to achieve the much desired six pack is an attempt to hold this masculine ideal. (Henwood, 2002) Studies into male body image have begun to show that men have as much displeasure with their shape as do women. This is not just found in the UK but all over the world. Pope el al (2000) found that men from France, US and Austria chose an ideal body shape that was heavier and more muscular than them. They also believed women preferred that body shape too. Women are willing to settle for their own mates appearance, accepting extra weight, even though their ideal male is different. Males are not as worried about being overweight as women, but more troubled by muscle mass, showing our cultural ideals of men. The muscly body build was preferred by men, while women liked a medium, lightly muscled build in their ideal males. (Neimark, 2009) The old ideal of maleness has been replaced. The New York Times writer Natalie Angier says that boys of school age are now being diagnosed of hyperactivity and having learning problems just by being a typical male. So as the behavioural ideal has changed so has the ideal male body. It is more muscular but also in contradiction, quite feminine. Schwartz conducts studies in America on gay men he says that the male body clean skinnedNo longer stiff and upright but sinuous representing the feminine side. (Blashill Vander Wala, 2009) Men are now exercising more than ever with around 8.5 million having a gym membership. The American Sports Data company found that those men with memberships spend a mean of 90.8 days a year in a gym. This could be linked to males trying to become what they believe women want, judging by how the average male is portrayed in the media. The gender gap in the way the media present the body has closed. The unattainable female bodies shown now have a male equivalent, the V shaped physiques of male models everywhere in todays media. George Gerbner the founder of the Cultivation Theory, which looks at whether the media has a long term effect on audiences, such as body image, said that what we see on TV and in magazines eventually becomes our standard of reality and desire. (Seed, 2006) Schooler and Ward measured the male real body discomfort due to media consumption. They found that by watching television it made men feel uncomfortable with their bodies. People see the same images over and over and start to believe its a version of reality, if those bodies are real and thats possible, but you cant attain it, how can you not feel bad about your own body? Mens bodies are being used more often to sell products. Dolce and Gabbanas (shttp://amandagore.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/dg-ad.jpg) ad contains 4 males with the V shaped body that has become so popular today. The male modelling for Jean Paul Gaultier in the advert for aftershave has a body most men are striving to achieve. He has very muscular figure and is topless in the picture. (http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/images/Le-Male-2009-Billboard-B.jpg). Men are spending more time and money on fragrances, facial creams and hair products. By presenting males in the media this way to sell products, males may believe if they take more care with their skin and buy all this products they will achieve the look of the airbrushed models. In this sense the media is endangering mens health by promoting these images, but will not stop willingly as the beauty industry has such high revenue. The big question is whether the media and our culture are truly to blame. Jeffrey Yang from Harvard University looked at the differences in body image in men from the west (Europe and America) against men from Asian countries. He found that men in Taiwan were satisfied with their bodies and had a lower use of steroids compared to men in the West. Also, unlike in the west, there were no Taiwanese magazines for fitness or bodybuilding. (Cromie, 2005) This seems to suggest that the media are to blame as there were no pictures of super fit males in magazines promoting exercise, and fewer men used drugs to achieve the figure desired. If someone has a poor body image, they might take steps to change their body, even if it taking potentially harmful substances. Anabolic Steroids are described as being any of a group of synthetic steroids or hormones used to stimulate muscle and bone growth; sometimes used illicitly by athletes to increase their strength by steroid.com (http://www.steroid.com/drugprof.php) Anabolic steroid abuse has been associated with a lot of side effects. Examples include acne, and breast development in males, which although unsightly are not severe. However other consequences of taking steroids can be life threatening such as heart attacks due to high cholesterol levels and liver cancer (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2006). Those who inject the drug also risk getting HIV ( InfoFacts: Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic), 2008). Is taking steroids to get a hench body worth it? The U.S. Census Bureau says there is a total population of around 301 million people. The National Centre for Education Statistics believes that of this 301 million, 16.5 million are school children between 9th and 12th grade. The Centre for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) says the percentage of students who admit to a lifetime steroid use was 4%. This means theres an estimated 660,000 students (14 to 17 years of age) whove admitted to steroid use. (ASA) Not to mention those unreported. This is a huge figure. Although this doesnt make a direct link with steroid abuse and the media, it can be inferred that these teenagers are taking steroids to get the body of the media male. Boys and men who are not happy with their body have been found to try and put weight in the form of muscle. (McReary Sasse, 2000) And steroids do this. The medias depiction of what is normal keeps getting for women and more muscular for men. Female models 25 years ago weighed only 8% less than average; currently the figures stand at around 23%. Male models are seeing similar things. In the past 25 years the media male has lost 12lb of fat but put on 27lb of muscle. (Body Image Website) With these ideal bodies represented in the media, its not surprising that males and females are turning to extreme measures to deal with their bodies. According to the ladies room, only 5% of women have the right genes to ever attain the Barbie shape. The body ideal for men is also almost unachievable, without illegal steroids and there is a limit to how much muscle a man can get naturally. (Tart, 2009) Although there is not a direct link between males body image and the media, it is implicated in many previous studies. Further research would be beneficial.

Hialeah | City and Cultural Analysis

Hialeah | City and Cultural Analysis Hialeah also known as The City of Progress is a vivacious, varied and multiethnic community. In this city is common to see people walking in the sideways, people paying dominoes in the back yard, regular people parking in handicap parking space, and Cubans weighing their luggage in groceries store to go to Cuba. Spanish is required to survive and superhuman reflexes are necessary to drive. However, its inhabitants are well known for being warm, hardworking and tenacious people that have shaped the community in many aspects such as culturally, economically, and socially during the past years. Windshield Survey Physical environment Hialeah is a city located in the heart of Miami Dade County. It is the sixth largest municipality in Florida, serving over 224,000 residents living in approximately 20-square miles (Hialeah, 2017). According to Google maps Hialeah has a size area of 19.7mi ² and 0.5 mi ² of that area is on water (Google Maps, 2017). It is immediately surrounded by cities like Miami Lakes, Opa -Locka, Hialeah Gardens and Miami Springs among others. Find attached the Map of the City (Interesting facts about, 2013) A trip though Hialeah can expose the economic level differences that exists within the city. The west of Hialeah is a more residential like town and its houses are more modern than those in the east because they are newer. The houses are well structured and equipped with ultimate conditions. Many of the houses are bordering rivers and canals where the view can be astonishing, thus increasing the value of the houses. As you move around the west side of the city, different vegetation can be perceived with a variety of spacious landscaping and impeccable cleanliness. The main streets that divide the north from the south are 103rd and 68th which are saturated with a great variety of stores to include groceries, clothing, home improvement material, pharmacies and many others. The main streets are also the place to go when there is a big celebration as a result of a sports victory brought home by either the Miami Marlins, Heat or Dolphins. The Hialeah people would gather and make noises wi th pans, musical instruments and car honks. On the other hand, as one cruises around the east side of the city, a huge difference can be perceived. Houses are typically smaller because they are older, even though some have spacious patios, there is lack of landscaping maintenance and the streets can be noted less clean. In addition, the shopping centers contain all types of mechanical shops and junk yards which tend to give the impression of a deserted and neglected neighborhood. There isnt a great variety of store in this area and most of the time; residents prefer to drive to other locations within the city to buy their goods. Health and social services From a medical standpoint, Hialeah is a well-equipped and prepared city that counts with adequate health and social services to meet population needs. The city has shelters for the needy population, in addition to other services like resources for the homeless and clinics. It also offers treatment centers which provide alcohol and drug rehabilitation. For instance, The Salvation Army Hialeah Support is a facility in charge of providing disaster services, emergency financial assistance, transitional housing, and emergency shelter (Army, 2017). Hialeah also houses the Safe Heaven facility which is a youth emergency shelter. Animal shelters are also available for the care protection, medical and adoption services for pets or homeless animals. There are three main hospitals in the city: Palmetto General Hospital, Hialeah Hospital, and Palm Spring Hospital which recently transitioned to Larkin Community Hospital. These hospitals cover all emergency, non-emergency problems of the population as well as maternal needs, pediatrics, surgery, acute and non-acute hospitalization. There are also many urgent care and medical centers like CAC Florida Medical and Leon Medical. This last two put more attention in the care for the growing elderly population by managing their chronic diseases. One example is Diabetes Mellitus which places the children and elderly population at risk due to the increasing rate of obesity. More than 100 Home Health Agencies can be found throughout the city. These agencies hire Nurses, both RN and LPNs, HHA, Physical and Occupational therapists, Case Managers and Social Workers. Among the services provided by these agencies is Private Duty Nursing, Home Health Aide, Home health visits for wound care, insulin administration, rehabilitation and hospitalization prevention. Among the most important agencies we can find Paradise Home Health Care and AA health services As a major aspect of the medicinal services needs of the populace, Hialeah provides traditional healer services such as Santeros and Babalawos who typically prescribe natural and herbal remedies. Santeria gives devotees spiritual comfort as any other religion and furthermore provides spiritual healing that in the end brings is said to bring physical healing. Santeria is well known for utilizing ceremonies, figurines, elixirs, supplications and in some instances animal sacrifices to obtain in return what is needed and asked for. Other practices such as acupuncture, cupping and yoga can found though it is less common. Economy Hialeah is an important commercial center in Miami Dade. With a vast amount of striving businesses such as Target, Starbucks, Best Buy, Walmart, Home Depot and local business like Navarro, Sedanos and La Carreta, the city provides employment and the economy is maintained at a balanced flow. Many businesses have changed their strategies to attract the Latin community that inhabits Hialeah. For example, Publix came up with a Latin version and now offers a variety of Latin products, Spanish information and the beloved Cuban coffee also known as the black gold. Economically speaking, Hialeah has always remained stable even during the recent economic crisis. Although some businesses took some drastic measures during the crisis such as reducing personnel, the community managed to remain strong and steady. Even though the city was full of manufacturing factories, during the 1970s and 1980s most of them closed thus leaving many people without jobs and steady incomes. However, Hialeah has always been resilient and new electronics and technology businesses moved in and started to increase the local economy by creating hundreds of new employment opportunities. The current unemployment rate for Hialeah is 5.4% (Home Facts, 2017). Besides the constant creation of new jobs, there are also new construction plans in the city that continue to offer more jobs to the population thus helping the economy furthermore. Safety and transportation All Ways Lead to Hialeah is one of the citys first slogans. Being conveniently located in the heart of northwest Dade, the city has access to every major expressway (I-75, Palmetto Expressway, Florida Turnpike, US 27 (Okeechobee Road) (Hialeah, 2017a). Since it is surrounded by Opa-Locka and Miami, it has direct access to the Miami International Airport as well as the Opa-Locka Airport. The Miami Metrorail and Tri-Rail/Metrorail Transfer stations serve Hialeah to move around the city and even the state. The city also offers its own public transportation which helps improve traffic by making it less demanding for occupants to drive. Sidewalks and bike lines are also available for those who prefer a more healthy and opened air transportation. Despite its accommodations, 73.8% of the population prefers to use a car or a truck to drive to and from work. Only 5.2% of the population uses public transportation, 2.2 % walks, 1.2% uses other means like bicycle or motorcycle vehicles and 2.7% work at home (Foutz MPO, 2008). Driving in this city can be very challenging. According to Allstate, Hialeah is ranked as the fourth city with the worst drivers, for that reason, insurance policies tend to be much higher compared to adjacent cities. (Munzenrieder, 2016). Hialeah is a full-service city, including Police, Fire, Water Sewer, and Public Works. The City has a long history of providing these services (Hialeah, 2017b). The Hialeah Fire Department (HFD) had its beginnings when the City was founded in 1925. Is rated as a class 1 fire department and it serves a population of more than 250,000 people (Hialeah, 2017b). The fire department is comprised by professionals that provide services integration between fire protection, emergency medical services, water rescue, environment protection, hazardous materials response, fire and hazard risk reduction inspection and prevention services (Hialeah, 2017b). The Hialeah police department is the 75th largest law enforcement in Florida (Hialeah, 2017c). The crime rate in Hialeah for theft and property crime is 45 in a scale 1(low)-100 (Best places, n.d.). It is a very alarming concern but the community feels save as the police department provides a secure environment by acting immediately in case of incidences by protecting the life and property of the community (Hialeah, 2017c). The water and sewer department make sure that water in potable and safe for the community and make notifications if any contamination occurred. Politics and government The City of Hialeah is the fifth largest city in the State of Florida. There is no city manager but it has a Mayor-Council type Government (Hialeah, 2017d). The Mayor is the Chief Executive Officer and is responsible for the everyday functions of the city. All departments in the division report directly to the Mayor. He is responsible for presenting annual budgets to the City Council in order for them to be approved. The Mayor is not a voting member however, he has the power to veto which can be overridden only by 5 of the 7 members of the vote Council. The city of Hialeah was incorporated in the year 1925, which is when the process of elections came into place. It has grown from one voting poll to well over 500 voters in 1925, to 50 voting precincts to almost 97,000 voters in 2013. City elections are held every two years, unlike other cities since there are no more than 4 seats of the council are subject to election at any one time. Elections are normally held in November at odd number years. Last election was held in 2015. Mayor and council meetings are held every 2nd and 4th Tuesday of each month and are open to the public. These meetings take place at The City Hall. The Mayor also has an advisory board which consists of, Veterans affairs, Planning and Zoning, Cultural Affairs, and Historic, just to name a few. These councilmen and women meet regularly and help the Mayor with his day to day decision making. What makes these board members acquainted to council the Mayor is the fact that they reside within the community and are registered voters in Hialeah. They are elected every seven years and the group consists of seven individuals who are responsible for passing legislation, which in turn helps the Mayor run the city more efficiently and help to approve the budgets for city plans. Communication City of Hialeah has many recreational centers and parks where residents can gather together. There are a variety of amenities and activities that residents of every age group can benefit from. They provide adult programs such as Zumba and art classes. For instance, Goodlet Performing Arts Center has award-winning classes, programs and lessons in theater dance and music. Hialeah has four adult centers that provide free daily lunch and activities for seniors. Also, adults with developmental disabilities can participate in citys adult therapeutic recreational centers and daily program. The newspapers that are common in the city of Hialeah are New Times Romance and La Voz de la Calle. La Voz de la Calle provides news and information of interest to Hispanic community in Greater Miami, Florida area. It covers ethnic society and culture. The city has its own TV channel called Hialeah 77. It provides residents with informative and entertaining content so they can be connected to the city of Hialeah. Also, a variety of other channels are available through Comcast cable which include all local channels and Spanish channels like Univision and Telemundo. The most common programs they enjoy watching are Marlins baseball games, Caso Cerrado and Mexican soap operas. Formal communication in Hialeah includes Code Enforcement and Code of Ordinance. Education City of Hialeah has approximately 35 public schools and more than 10 private schools. In addition, the city has a Miami Dade College, Florida National University and Everest Institute. Hialeah schools are rated among the most equitable in the nation for poor students. (Miami Herald, 2016). City of Hialeah Education Academy is ranked 31st within Florida state and Hialeah Gardens has overall grade B in academics. High school graduation rates continue to climb across Florida, Miami-Dade and Hialeah. They beat state average with 78.1 percent graduation rate because more students are earning high school diplomas than ever before. (Miami Herald, 2016). There is a variety of after school programs available for students in the City of Hialeah. They include Sports and Dance studio centers, Goodlet Tennis center, Kidz City Learning Center, CB Learning Center and After-school Center among many others. Step Ahead Youth enrichment program offers free after-school activities for high school students with special needs. Extracurricular activities such as music arts and sports are also available. Hialeah which is included in the Miami-Dade County and has only about third onsite health aids, with every three schools sharing a nurse. The Childrens Trust, which helps fund the program, says it will replace the aides with full-time nurses next year at 145 schools. The other 200 schools in the county share 14 nurses provided by the health department (Sun Sentinel, 2016). The School Board of Miami-Dade County conducts much of its business through School Board Committees. Committee Meeting Announcements are posted 5 working days prior to the meeting. Each committee is shown with its constituent board members and deputy superintendents (DadeSchools.net). The Department of Education and Community Services of the City of Hialeah promotes lifelong learning, an informed citizenry, literacy, an enhanced quality of life and broadened horizons for all residents of Hialeah through libraries, adult centers, after-school programs, summer and holiday camps, and special Population Center for adults with disabilities. Residents have access to library systems which is composed of one Main library and five branches. Hialeah Public Libraries serve the 225,000 residents of Hialeah, a diverse and vibrant city and the second largest in Miami-Dade County. Hialeah Libraries has a strong community focus, a variety of innovative programming, a broad array of relevant materials in multiple formats and networked computers that provide internet access in all six branch facilities (City of Hialeah, 2017). The major education issues community is facing are the budget, new standards and testing, expanding school choices and school safety. Resources The City of Hialeah has 23 beautiful parks with hundreds of acres of green space and recreational facilities. Among the diverse places to go, the most popular include Amelia Earhart Park and the Hialeah Race Track Park and Casino. Residents can use a variety of amenities designed for every age group and activity. The city maintains seven water parks, one aquatic center, and seven community pools. For younger the generation a variety of programs are provided which include baseball, basketball, cheerleading, flag football, soccer, tennis, and volleyball. The city offers a wide range of free cultural activities, programs and events that appeal to the different backgrounds for its residents. Community: Strengths and Weakness Strengths: Hialeah is a full-service city, including Police, Fire, Water Sewer, and Public Works. It is a community with recreational and educational programs available for residents at a low cost or free. For example: residents have access to the library systems, after- school and camp programs. The city is a multicultural place giving its residents the opportunity to be part of various Cultural activities and learn about different backgrounds, beliefs and costumes to better understand and accept one another. Hialeah is and will always be known as The City of Progress because of its resilient and constantly evolving economy that allows for various employment opportunities. One of the city most important and nationally well-known historic places is the Hialeah Race Track Park and Casino, built in 1925 which has always been vital because it creates a variety of job positions. Hialeah is a family-centered community that houses many different cultural and heritage traditions that can be witnessed among the different nationalities that co-exist. Allows residents to feel secure to walk around the neighborhoods. Great ethnicity diversity. Apartments and Houses are more affordable compared to other areas of Miami. Stability of house ownership is high and properties are passed down to the next generations. Responsiveness of Local Officers is fast and accurate most of the times. Neighbors have intricate relationships and tend to help each others. Weaknesses: Hialeah traffic can be a major problem and challenge for residents and visitors. Children obesitys incidence continues to increase. Unkempt properties mainly on the east side Rental properties: Inadequate screening and Lack of Maintenance Plan: Addressing Community Weaknesses For many chronic conditions, ethnic or racial factors function as risk markers rather than risk factors. Risk markers as we know are factors that help to identify persons who may have an elevated risk of developing a specific condition but that do not themselves contribute to its development (Clark, 2008). According to the division of adult and community Health, for many chronic diseases, race and ethnicity are probably markers for differences in health behaviors, access to health care, and other factors that contribute to the development of disease (Clark, 2008). The Hispanic population leaving in Hialeah Florida is a great example of this fact. Those living in this population are at greater risk of developing diabetes mellitus and hypertension among other chronic diseases not because they are Hispanics but because of a combination of factors that is common to all or most of them (i.e. culture, type of food consumed, social economic status, access to health etc.) that puts the popul ation as whole at a greater risk for developing those diseases. However, this report will focus on the impact of diabetes mellitus on this population by considering the different components that community nurses must consider when caring for this population. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness that requires a lifetime of special self-management behaviors. It presents its own challenges for the community health nurses to manage. Based on assessment data, major nursing diagnoses in this community may include the following: Knowledge deficit related to disease process as evidenced by patient not using medical consumption therapy as prescribed (MNT). Risk for fluid volume deficit related to polyuria and dehydration. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance related to fluid loss or shifts. Deficient knowledge about diabetes self-care skills or information. Anxiety related to loss of control, fear of inability to manage diabetes, misinformation related to diabetes, fear of diabetes complication. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010) The major goals for these patients may include: Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, Optimal control of blood glucose levels, Ability to perform diabetes survival skills and self-care activities, and Absence of complications. Nursing interventions may include: Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance by controlling intake and output, administering IV fluids as prescribed, encouraging oral fluid intake when permitted. Increase knowledge about diabetes management first by assessing the patients understanding and adherence to the diabetes management plan and teach as needed. Monitoring and managing potential complications such as fluid overload due to administration of large volume of fluid at a rapid rate. Teaching patient self-care. The patient is taught survival skills, including treatment modalities such as diet, insulin administration, monitoring of blood glucose, and for for type I diabetes, monitoring of urine ketones. Follow up education is arranged with a home care nurse and dietitian or an outpatient diabetes education center. The importance of self-monitoring and of monitoring and follow-up primary health care providers is reinforced by the nurse, and the patient is reminded about the importance of keeping follow-up appointments. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010). Nursing Evaluation Expected outcomes may include the following: Patient achieves fluid and electrolyte balance by demonstrating intake and output balance, exhibits electrolyte values within normal limits, and exhibits vital signs that remain stable with resolution of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia. Patient demonstrates knowledge about diabetes management by identifying factors leading to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia and by identifying factors to prevent the development of these complications. Patient exhibit normal cardiac rate and rhythm and normal breath sounds; patient exhibits no jugular vein distention, exhibits blood glucose and urine ketone levels within target range. (Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle Cheever, 2010) Conclusion Hialeah The City of Progress owes its name to its residents that never cease to seek improvement of their quality of life. From small businesses to big corporations, the city allows for its residents to have jobs and continue to grow within the community. Being able to speak Spanish can be a great asset if planning to live in Hialeah, however residents have adapted to have the younger bilingual generation to make all translations for them. Driving around the city can be somewhat challenging but it can also be due to the fact that it is overpopulated and that most people are employed and need to get to and from work at around the same time. Despite its weaknesses and sometimes unkempt appearance, Hialeah is a city with a great potential and has a community full of hope and goals. A community of Hispanic immigrants that have gone through the roughest of times by leaving their native countries, separating from immediate family and having to build a life from scratch at 40 years of age. Their heritage and cultural backgrounds have been embedded in the Hialeah we now see and the result is astonishing because they have managed to create a little piece of their country within the US. Attachments: City of Hialieah map (Interesting facts about, 2013) References Army, T. S. (2017). The salvation army about the salvation army. Retrieved January 21, 2017, from http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/about Best places. Hialeah, Florida crime. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.bestplaces.net/crime/city/florida/hialeah Clark, M. (2008). Community health nursing. (fifth ed.). Prentice Hall. DOI:  www.prenhall.com/clark Foutz, L., MPO. (2008). Hialeah transit system express bus route and enhanced service Hialeah transit system. Retrieved from http://miamidadempo.org/library/studies/hialeah-transit-system-express-bus-route-enhanced-service-final-draft-2008-03.pdf Government and Politics History retrieved from: http://www.hialeahfl.gov/ http://www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?lang=en www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid Google Maps. (2017). Hialeah size area. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=hialeah+size+areaoq=hiaaqs=chrome.0.69i59l3j69i57j69i60l2.1726j0j7sourceid=chromeie=UTF-8 Hialeah, C. (2017a). City of Hialeah, Florida Transportation. Retrieved January 21, 2017, from http://www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=6Itemid=385lang=en Hialeah, C. (2017b). City of Hialeah, Florida Fire. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=57Itemid=274lang=en Hialeah, C. (2017c). City of Hialeah, Florida Police department. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=119Itemid=387lang=en Hialeah, C. (2017d). City of Hialeah, Florida your government. Retrieved January 29, 2017, from http://www.hialeahfl.gov/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=14Itemid=386lang=en Home Facts. (2017). Hialeah, FL unemployment. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.homefacts.com/unemployment/Florida/Miami-Dade-County/Hialeah.html Interesting facts about Hialeah, Florida. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.bestplaces.net/city/florida/hialeah Munzenrieder, K. (2016, May 24). Allstate claims Hialeah has Americas 4th worst drivers, Miami 8th. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from News, http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/allstate-claims-hialeah-has-americas-4th-worst-drivers-miami-8th-6549947 Smeltzer, S., Bare, B., Hinkle, J., Cheever, K. (2010).Medical-surgical nursing. (twelfth ed.).  New York: The Point. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Community History. Retrieved from www.fergursoncity.com/DocumentView.a Veiga, C. (2016, March 31). Hialeah, Miami Schools Rated Among Most Equitable in the Nation for Poor Students. Miami Herald. Welcome to Miami-Dade County Public Schools. (2016, December7). Retrieved January 29, 2017, from http://dadeschools.net/ YI, K. (2016, May 1). Schools Lack Nurses to Meet Growing Need. Sun Sentinel.

Wages Of Sport Athletes :: essays research papers

Wages of Sport Athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How would you like to be paid twenty-three million dollars a year ? It is obvious to say that everyone would more than love it. This figure is only one of the many outrageous wages athletes are being paid today. True, not all twenty-three million dollars goes directly to the athlete because of Uncle Sam. Still these figures are too extreme regardless of the sport, baseball, football or basketball. The athletes here in the United States are without a doubt the greatest on earth. The only problem is so are their wages. Although the athletes pay indicates the greatness of their individual ability, the amount earned per year is way beyond reason. Due to these great wages being paid in particularly in the sport of basketball, the games greatness is being lost.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One example of the extreme pay an athlete can achieve is shown by an athlete named Michael Jordan. This basketball player is being paid thirty million dollars for the 96 - 97 season. Last year for the season of 95 - 96, Jordan was only being paid 3.5 million. While being paid this salary, Jordan hardly ever complained too much even though the amount Jordan was being paid was very low for the NBA. During this season Jordan never made any kind of statement about quitting or even leaving for another team to make the money he may deserve. Other players such as Shaq (Shaquille O'neil), and Reggie Miller, and even teammate Dennis Rodman have been known to say things like this. The only difference between Jordan and the other athletes is that Jordan seems to have a great devotion towards his team and the other players do not have the same loyalty or devotion. The circumstances appear that Jordan might actually play for the mere love of the game, while others only play for the love of money. Regardless of the motivation for playing the sport, a salary of 30 million dollars is outrageous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you were to break down this thirty million dollars into different categories such as how much money Jordan earns per game, the true outrageousness will appear. For instance over an eighty-two game season Jordan will be paid $365,854 a game. That is more than any middle and even most upper class people make in one year. In one single game, it is hard to believe that one man could make more than one person for a year.

Human Inequality :: essays research papers

Nothing in life is guaranteed, but there is one thing that we all expect to receive throughout our lifetime. Every human demands to be treated equally in the same manner as the person next to them. This general consensus of modern day was not the norm throughout the history of America. No matter how much we try not to look back upon our obtuse behavior towards particular ethnic groups, what took place cannot be undone. The only positive effect that can be derived from the past is to learn from these mistakes. Less than a century after abolishing what had become a two hundred year old practice of enslaving African Americans, the â€Å"Land of the Free† again displayed its disregard for human equality as Japanese Americans were stripped of their every belonging and sent to internment camps during World War II. The enslavement of African Americans began during a time when the United States was a budding country in the need for cheap labor. In response to this necessity, slave traders would go to various regions within Africa to hunt for the residents who they would then capture and sell. It is mind-blowing to imagine an entire family being taken from their home in chains, only to then be separated never to see one another again. These Africans were not only robbed of their family and home but also their freedom and right to live their own lives. Upon their arrival to America, along with the new title of African Americans, came a new life of cruelty and inhumanity. Their self-respect was the first thing to be disposed of as they were assigned a monetary value when auctioned off like prize cattle. In Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the author describes the sale of her uncle with, â€Å"Though only ten years old, seven hundred and twenty dollars was paid for him.† This was only the beginning of the slaveholders’ attempt to confiscate any remnant piece of dignity so that the slaves could be more easily oppressed. Slaveholders recognized the potential that knowledge created within a person and thus, kept their slaves as ignorant as possible. Because literacy was not allowed by any means, slaves were deprived of the celebrated joy of a birthday. Douglass describes in Narrative of the Life of an American Slave, slaves’ inability to know their own birthday because there were no authentic records considering nobody was able to read or write.